Although researchers are well aware of the incredible strength of spider silk, the hardy nature of the tiny filaments cannot explain how webs routinely survive multiple tears and winds exceeding hurricane strength.
However, a new study combining experimental observations of spider webs with complex computer simulations has demonstrated that web durability depends not only on silk strength – but on how the overall web design compensates for damage and the response of individual strands to continuously varying stresses.
“Multiple research groups have investigated the complex, hierarchical structure of spider silk and its amazing strength, extensibility, and toughness,” explained Markus Buehler, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at MIT.
“But, while we understand the peculiar behavior of dragline silk from the ‘nanoscale up’—initially stiff, then softening, then stiffening again—we have little insight into how the molecular structure of silk uniquely improves the performance of a web.”
According to Buehler, the spider webs located in gardens and garages are made from multiple silk types, but viscid silk and dragline silk are most critical to the integrity of the web. Viscid silk – stretchy, wet and sticky – is the silk that winds out in increasing spirals from the web center. Its primary function is to capture prey. In contrast, dragline silk is stiff and dry, and serves as the threads that radiate out from a web’s center, providing structural support. Dragline silk is crucial to the mechanical behavior of the web.
Some of Buehler’s earlier work indicated that dragline silk is composed of a suite of proteins with a unique molecular structure that lends both strength and flexibility.
“While the strength and toughness of silk has been touted before – it is stronger than steel and tougher than Kevlar by weight – the advantages of silk within a web, beyond such measures, has been unknown,” he added.
The common spiders represented in the above-mentioned study include orb weavers (Nephila clavipes), garden spiders (Araneus diadematus) and others — crafting familiar, spiraling web patterns atop a scaffolding of radiating filaments. Building each web takes energy the spider cannot afford to frequently expend, so durability is clearly key to the arachnid’s survival.
Through a series of computer models matched to laboratory experiments with spider webs, the researchers were able to discover what factors play what role in helping a web endure natural threats that are either localized (such as a twig falling on a filament) or distributed (as in the case of high winds).
“For our models, we used a molecular dynamics framework in which we scaled up the molecular behavior of silk threads to the macroscopic world. This allowed us to investigate different load cases on the web, but more importantly, it also allowed us to trace and visualize how the web fractured under extreme loading conditions,” said Anna Tarakanova, who developed the computer models alongside Steven Cranford, both graduate students in Buehler’s laboratory.
“Through computer modeling of the web,” Cranford continued, “we were able to efficiently create ‘synthetic’ webs, constructed out of virtual silks that resembled more typical engineering materials such as those that are linear elastic (like many ceramics) and elastic-plastic materials (which behave like many metals).
“With the models, we could make comparisons between the modeled web’s performance and the performance seen in the webs made from natural silk. In addition, we could analyze the web in terms of energy, and details of the local stress and strain which are traits experiments were able to reveal.”
The study showed that when any part of a web is disturbed or damaged, the whole web reacts. Such sensitivity is what alerts a spider to the struggling of a trapped insect. However, the radial and spiral filaments each play different roles in attenuating motion, and when stresses are particularly harsh, they are sacrificed sot the entire web may survive.
“The concept of selective, localized failure for spider webs is interesting since it is a distinct departure from the structural principles that seem to be in play for many biological materials and components,” noted Dennis Carter, the NSF program director for biomechanics and mechanobiology.
“For example, the distributed material components in bone spread stress broadly, adding strength. There is no ‘wasted’ material, minimizing the weight of the structure. While all of the bone is being used to resist force, bone everywhere along the structure tends to be damaged prior to failure.”
In contrast, a spider’s web is organized to sacrifice local areas so that failure will not prevent the remaining web from functioning, even if in a diminished capacity. This is a clever strategy when the alternative is having to make an entire, new web. As Buehler suggests, engineers can learn from nature and adapt the design strategies that are most appropriate for specific applications.
Specifically, when a radial filament in a web is snagged, the web deforms more than when a relatively compliant spiral filament is caught. However, when either type fails – under great stress – it is the only filament to fail.
The unique nature of the spider-silk proteins enhances that effect. When a filament is pulled, the silk’s unique molecular structure – a combination of amorphous proteins and ordered, nanoscale crystals – unfurls as stress increases, leading to a stretching effect that has four distinct phases: an initial, linear tugging; a drawn out stretching as the proteins unfold; a stiffening phase that absorbs the greatest amount of force; and then a final, stick-slip phase before the silk breaks.
According to the researchers’ findings, the failure of silk threads occurs at points where the filament is disturbed by that external force, but after failure, the web returns to stability – even in simulations using broad forces, like hurricane-force winds.
“Engineered structures are typically designed to withstand large loads with limited damage – but extreme loads are more difficult to account for. The spider has uniquely solved this problem by allowing a sacrificial member to fail under high load. One of the first questions a structural engineer must ask is ‘What is the design load?’
“For a spider web, however, it doesn’t matter if the load is just strong enough to cause failure, or one hundred times higher – the net effect is the same. Allowing a sacrificial member to fail removes the unpredictability of ‘extreme’ loads from the design equation,” Cranford concluded.
